QuestionSAINT HCM530 ALL MODULES CASE STUDY EXCEPT 7 MOULE AND DISCUSSIONS MOULE 5,5,7 AND 8 Module 5 Discussion The cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) is one type of a benefit analysis tool used in managerial epidemiology. Others include cost-utility, cost-effectiveness, cost-consequence, and cost of illness. Since medical quality and health services have a high individual perception regarding value, different stakeholders will have different perspectives when performing and interpreting a CEA. Different decision makers, i.e., physicians, administrators, employers, payers, government and other public and private officials all have varying perspectives. Therefore, it is the common perspective that is generally most useful when making comparisons among the various interpretations of the CEA or other cost/benefit analysis results and outcomes. 1. Where does the CEA fit into public health and clinical epidemiological research, as well as, health services research? 2. What are some examples and characteristics of medical cost and effectiveness measures? Be sure in your initial response to provide at least two examples from peer reviewed literature that further clarify or illustrate your response (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article). Module 6 Discussion How research is designed is important to its validity. In research, and particularly government funded research, the Institutional Review Board is the authority on requirements for research design. DHHS, Institutional Review Board Guidebook. Chapter 4: Considerations of Research Design A. Introduction F. Case-Control Studies B. Observation G. Prospective Studies C. Record Reviews and Historical Studies H. Clinical Trials D. Surveys, Questionnaires, and Interviews I. Identification and Recruitment of Subjects E. Epidemiologic Studies J. Assignment of Subjects to Experimental and Control Groups Four common research designs used in epidemiological studies are cohort, case control, longitudinal, and cross-sectional studies. However, there are also prospective and retrospective, quantitative, qualitative and quasi (mixed) research designs. Data is what drives medical research and its design. Medical research drives scientific findings that ultimately result in improving human health. All of the various research study designs that fall into either descriptive or analytical epidemiology. All research studies fall into either descriptive or analytical epidemiology. 1. What are those study designs and how are they defined? 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of the designs you have defined? Be sure in your initial response to provide at least two examples from peer reviewed literature that further clarify or illustrate your response (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article). Module 7 Discussion In last week’s discussion, we looked at types of research designs. This week, we will look at requirements of designs using real people, i.e., the clinical trials. Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) 1. There are two types of clinical studies, i.e., clinical trials and observational studies. How do they differ and provide examples of each? 2. Who can participate in a clinical study and what is the process to protect them from harm? Be sure in your initial response to provide at least two examples from peer reviewed literature that helps to support your position (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article). Module 8 Discussion Disease may be classified as acute, subacute or chronic. It may be emerging or reemerging. 1. Why is it a challenge in defining diseases as either totally chronic or totally infectious (acute) in nature? 2. What are examples of emerging and reemerging diseases? Would HIV be considered an emerging or reemerging? Be sure in your initial response to provide at least two examples from peer reviewed literature that helps to support your position (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article). hCM530 Case Study 1 Outbreak of Influenza in a Kentucky Nursing Home Assume that an outbreak of Influenza A occurred among 400 residents of a New York Nursing Home during December 2006 and January 2007, despite the vaccination of 375 of them between mid-October and mid-November of 2006. The residents, 70% of whom were female, had a mean age of 85 years and shared common recreational and dining areas. (Textbook Case Study 2.2) Case Questions: Base your reply upon this influenza outbreak case, research of influenza, and proposed solutions. You are to write a 2-3 page paper in APA formatting that addresses the following questions. Note: A minimum of two references should be used, which should include your textbook and the CDC, and others that support your responses in your paper. This is a paper, so your answer should not be numbered, but rather it should use titles and subtitles. 1. If 75 of the residents developed influenza-like illness (ILI), what proportion of the residents became sick? 2. Of those with ILI, 40 developed pneumonia, 25 required hospitalizations, and two died. What proportion of those with ILI developed pneumonia? What percent of those with ILI and pneumonia were hospitalized? What proportion of those with ILI died? 3. Of the 375 residents who were vaccinated, 60 developed ILI. Of the 25 residents who were not vaccinated, 20 developed ILI. What percent of vaccinated residents developed ILI? What percent of unvaccinated residents developed ILI? How many more times higher is the rate of ILI among those who were unvaccinated compared to those who were vaccinated? 4. Of the 375 vaccinated residents, 35 developed pneumonia following ILI compared to 15 residents among the 25 who were not vaccinated. What percent of vaccinated residents developed pneumonia following ILI? What percent of unvaccinated residents developed pneumonia following ILI? How many more times higher is the pneumonia following ILI among those who were unvaccinated compared to those who were vaccinated? 5. What was the vaccine efficacy for preventing LIL and pneumonia? Case study 2 Needs Assessment for Stroke Services in Ontario, Canada The Queen’s Health Policy Research Unit (QHPRU) estimated the need for stroke services in Ontario, Canada using measures of prevalence and incidence of (1) modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke; (2) acute cases of stroke; (3) major sequelae of stroke (Hunter D , 2000 and Hunter D, 2004). They identified the effective health services that are targeted at each of these three dimensions, and linked these steps to estimate need for health services. They compared the estimate of need for health services to compiled measures of levels of stroke-related health services in Eastern Ontario to see if there was a gap (unmet need) or surplus (overmet need) of these services. The numbers below have been changed slightly from the original source. (Textbook Case Study 4.3) Download Case Reports: http://mcgill.academia.edu/LorieKloda/Papers/78206/Creation_and_pilot_testing_of_StrokEngine_A _stroke_rehabilitation_intervention_website_for_clinicians_and_families Case Questions: Answer the case questions, with research from your book, CDC, NIH and other quality sources to determine answers and solutions. You are to write a 2-3 page paper in APA formatting
